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<title>Project-based learning</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Project-based learning</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based learning</a>.</div>

<p><b>Project-based learning</b> is a <a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching method</a> that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which it is believed that students acquire a deeper knowledge through active exploration of real-world challenges and problems.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students learn about a subject by working for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to a complex question, challenge, or problem.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a style of <a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">active learning</a> and <a href="Inquiry-based_learning" title="Inquiry-based learning">inquiry-based learning</a>. Project-based learning contrasts with paper-based, rote memorization, or teacher-led instruction that presents established facts or portrays a smooth path to knowledge by instead posing questions, problems, or scenarios.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p><a href="John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> is recognized as one of the early proponents of project-based education or at least its principles through his idea of "learning by doing".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>My Pedagogical Creed</i> (1897) Dewey enumerated his beliefs including the view that "the teacher is not in the school to impose certain ideas or to form certain habits in the child, but is there as a member of the community to select the influences which shall affect the child and to assist him in properly responding to these".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, he promoted the so-called expressive or constructive activities as the centre of correlation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educational research has advanced this idea of teaching and learning into a methodology known as "project-based learning". <a href="William_Heard_Kilpatrick" title="William Heard Kilpatrick">William Heard Kilpatrick</a> built on the theory of Dewey, who was his teacher, and introduced the project method as a component of Dewey's problem method of teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilpatrick endorsed project-based learning in his 1918 essay <i>The Project Method</i>, calling for "whole-hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment". The essay was immediately lauded by progressive educators.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pondiscio_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pondiscio_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some scholars (e.g. <a href="James_Greeno" title="James Greeno">James G. Greeno</a>) also associated project-based learning with <a href="Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a>'s "situated learning" perspective<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Constructivism_(philosophy_of_education)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of education)">constructivist</a> theories. Piaget advocated an idea of learning that does not focus on memorization. Within his theory, project-based learning is considered a method that engages students to invent and to view learning as a process with a future instead of acquiring knowledge bases as a matter of fact.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Further developments to project-based education as a pedagogy later drew from the experience- and perception-based theories on education proposed by theorists such as <a href="John_Amos_Comenius" title="John Amos Comenius">Jan Comenius</a>, <a href="Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a>, and <a href="Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2></div><p>

In 2011, Thomas Markham described project-based learning as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">

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</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"integrates knowing and doing. Students learn knowledge and elements of the core curriculum but also apply what they know to solve authentic problems and produce results that matter. Project-based learning students take advantage of digital tools to produce high-quality, collaborative products. Project-based learning refocuses education on the student, not the curriculum—a shift mandated by the global world, which rewards intangible assets such as drive, passion, creativity, empathy, and resilience. These cannot be taught out of a textbook, but must be activated through experience."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p><a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based learning</a> is a similar pedagogic approach; however, problem-based approaches structure students' activities more by asking them to solve specific (open-ended) problems rather than relying on students to come up with their own problems in the course of completing a project. Another seemingly similar approach is quest-based learning; unlike project-based learning, in questing, the project is determined specifically on what students find compelling (with guidance as needed), instead of the teacher being primarily responsible for forming the essential question and task.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blumenfeld <i>et al.</i> elaborate on the processes of Project-based learning: "Project-based learning is a comprehensive perspective focused on teaching by engaging students in investigation. Within this framework, students pursue solutions to nontrivial problems by asking and refining questions, debating ideas, making predictions, designing plans and/or experiments, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, communicating their ideas and findings to others, asking new questions, and creating artifacts."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of Project-based learning lies in the authenticity or real-life application of the research. Students working as a team are given a "driving question" to respond to or answer, then directed to create an artifact (or artifacts) to present their gained knowledge. Artifacts may include a variety of media such as writings, art, drawings, three-dimensional representations, videos, photography, or technology-based presentations.

</p><p>Another definition of project-based learning includes a type of instruction where students work together to solve real-world problems in their schools and communities. This type of problem-solving often requires students to draw on lessons from several disciplines and apply them in a very practical way and the promise of seeing a very real impact becomes the motivation for learning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to learning the content of their core subjects, students have the potential to learn to work in a community, thereby taking on social responsibilities.

</p><p>According to Terry Heick on his blog, <i>TeachThought</i>, there are three types of project-based learning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is challenge-based learning/problem-based learning, the second is place-based education, and the third is activity-based learning. Challenge-based learning is "an engaging <a href="Multidisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary">multidisciplinary</a> approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to leverage the technology they use in their daily lives to solve real-world problems through efforts in their homes, schools and communities." Place-based education "immerses students in local heritage, cultures, landscapes, opportunities and experiences; uses these as a foundation for the study of language arts, mathematics, social studies, science and other subjects across the curriculum, and emphasizes learning through participation in service projects for the local school and/or community." Activity-based learning takes a kind of constructivist approach, the idea being students constructing their own meaning through hands-on activities, often with manipulatives and opportunities to experiment.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3></div>

<p>Project-based learning emphasizes learning activities that are long-term, interdisciplinary, and student-centered. Unlike traditional, teacher-led classroom activities, students often must organize their own work and manage their own time in a project-based class. Project-based instruction differs from traditional inquiry by its emphasis on students' collaborative or individual artifact construction to represent what is being learned. Design principles thus emphasize "student agency, authenticity, and collaboration."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Project-based learning also gives students the opportunity to explore problems and challenges that have real-world applications, increasing the possibility of long-term retention of skills and concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div>

<p>The core idea of project-based learning is that real-world problems capture students' interest and provoke serious thinking as the students acquire and apply new knowledge in a problem-solving context. The teacher plays the role of facilitator, working with students to frame worthwhile questions, structuring meaningful tasks, coaching both knowledge development and social skills, and carefully assessing what students have learned from the experience. Typical projects present a problem to solve (What is the best way to reduce the pollution in the schoolyard pond?) or a phenomenon to investigate (What causes rain?). Project-based learning replaces other traditional models of instruction such as lectures, textbook-workbook-driven activities and inquiry as the preferred delivery method for key topics in the curriculum. It is an instructional framework that allows teachers to facilitate and assess deeper understanding rather than stand and deliver factual information. Project-based learning intentionally develops students' problem-solving and the creative making of products to communicate a deeper understanding of key concepts and mastery of 21st-century essential learning skills such as critical thinking. Students become active digital researchers and assessors of their own learning when teachers guide student learning so that students learn from the project-making processes. In this context, Project-based learning is units of self-directed learning from students' doing or making throughout the unit. Project-based learning is not just "an activity" (project) that is stuck at the end of a lesson or unit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Comprehensive project-based learning:

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<ul><li>is organized around an open-ended driving question or challenge.</li>

<li>creates a need to know essential content and skills.</li>

<li>requires inquiry to learn and/or create something new.</li>

<li>requires critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and various forms of communication, often known as <a href="21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a>.</li>

<li>allows some degree of student voice and choice.</li>

<li>incorporates feedback and revision.</li>

<li>results in a publicly presented product or performance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2></div>

<p>Although projects are the primary vehicle for instruction in project-based learning, there are no commonly shared criteria for what constitutes an acceptable project. Projects vary greatly in the depth of the questions explored, the clarity of the learning goals, the content and structure of the activity, and guidance from the teacher. The role of projects in the overall curriculum is also open to interpretation. Projects can guide the entire curriculum (more common in charter or other alternative schools) or simply consist of a few hands-on activities. They might be multidisciplinary (more likely in elementary schools) or single-subject (commonly science and math). Some projects involve the whole class, while others are done in small groups or individually. For example, Perrault and Albert<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report the results of a Project-based learning assignment in a college setting surrounding creating a communication campaign for the campus' sustainability office, finding that after project completion in small groups that the students had significantly more positive attitudes toward sustainability than prior to working on the projects.

</p><p>Another example is <a href="Manor_Independent_School_District" title="Manor Independent School District">Manor New Technology High School</a>, a public high school that since opening in 2007 is a 100 percent project-based instruction school. Students average 60 projects a year across subjects. It is reported that 98 percent of seniors graduate, 100 percent of the graduates are accepted to college, and fifty-six percent of them have been the first in their family to attend college.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Outside of the United States, the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has also providing funding for project-based learning projects within the <a href="Lifelong_Learning_Programme_2007%E2%80%932013" title="Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013">Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013</a>. In China, Project-based learning implementation has primarily been driven by <a href="International_school" title="International school">international school</a> offerings,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although public schools use Project-based learning as a reference for Chinese Premier Ki Keqiang's mandate for schools to adopt <a href="Maker_education" title="Maker education">maker education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in conjunction with <a href="Micro-schooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-schooling">micro-schools</a> like Moonshot Academy and ETU, and maker education spaces such as <a href="SteamHead" title="SteamHead">SteamHead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> since the introduction of the new lower curriculum,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> students and teachers have been urged to embraced project based learning especially with training from the Ugandan Government<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and UNELTA<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2></div>

<p>Project-based learning often relies on learning groups, but not always. Student groups may determine their projects, and in so doing, they engage <a href="Student_voice" title="Student voice">student voice</a> by encouraging students to take full responsibility for their learning.

</p><p>When students use technology as a tool to communicate with others, they take on an active role vs. a passive role of transmitting the information by a teacher, a book, or broadcast. The student is constantly making choices on how to obtain, display, or manipulate information. Technology makes it possible for students to think actively about the choices they make and execute. Every student has the opportunity to get involved, either individually or as a group.

</p><p>The instructor's role in project-based learning is that of a facilitator. They do not relinquish control of the classroom or student learning, but rather develop an atmosphere of shared responsibility. The instructor must structure the proposed question/issue so as to direct the student's learning toward content-based materials. Upfront planning is crucial, in that the instructor should plan out the structural elements and logistics of the project far in advance in order to reduce student confusion once they assume ownership of their projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instructor must regulate student success with intermittent, transitional goals to ensure student projects remain focused and students have a deep understanding of the concepts being investigated. The students are held accountable to these goals through ongoing feedback and assessments. The ongoing assessment and feedback are essential to ensure the student stays within the scope of the driving question and the core standards the project is trying to unpack. According to Andrew Miller of the Buck Institute of Education, "In order to be transparent to parents and students, you need to be able to track and monitor ongoing formative assessments that show work toward that standard."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instructor uses these assessments to guide the inquiry process and ensure the students have learned the required content. Once the project is finished, the instructor evaluates the finished product and the learning that it demonstrates.

</p><p>The student's role is to ask questions, build knowledge, and determine a real-world solution to the issue/question presented. Students must collaborate, expanding their active listening skills and requiring them to engage in intelligent, focused communication, therefore allowing them to think rationally about how to solve problems. Project-based learning forces students to take ownership of their success.

</p><p>In the digital and remote learning era, traditional roles have adapted to incorporate virtual collaboration. Instructors now serve as digital facilitators, using online platforms to monitor progress and provide asynchronous feedback, while students must develop both project and digital management skills. This transformation has introduced new team dynamics, with students taking on specific digital responsibilities such as managing online repositories and coordinating virtual communication.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2></div>

<p>Proponents of project-based learning cite numerous benefits to the implementation of its strategies in the classroom – including a greater depth of understanding of concepts, a broader knowledge base, improved communication, and interpersonal/social skills, enhanced <a href="Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> skills, increased <a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, and improved writing skills.

</p><p>Some of the most significant contributions of Project-based learning have been in schools of comparative disadvantage where it has been linked to increased self-esteem, better work habits, and more positive attitudes toward learning. The pedagogical practice is also linked to conversations revolving around equitable instruction, as it presents opportunities to provide learning experiences that are "equitable, relevant, and meaningful to each and every student while supporting the development of not only students' academic learning, but also their social, emotional, and identity development."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Teachers who implement Project-Based Learning assert that this approach emphasizes teachers helping their students track and develop their own processes of thinking, making them more aware of problem-solving strategies they can use in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blumenfeld & Krajcik (2006) cited studies that show students in project-based learning classrooms obtain higher test scores than students in traditional classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Student-choice and autonomy may contribute to students growing more heavily interested in the subject, as discovered by researchers in a 2019 study in which they evaluated student engagement in a Project-Based after-school program. After learning more about environmental concerns and implementing a small scale community project, students in this program reported more positive attitudes towards science and literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Opponents of project-based learning caution against negative outcomes primarily in projects that become unfocused, as underdeveloped assignments or lessons may result in the waste of class time and inability to achieve the learning objectives. Since Project-based learning revolves around student autonomy, student's self-motivation and ability to balance work time both inside and outside of school are imperative to a successful project and teachers may be challenged to present students with sufficient time, flexibility, and resources to be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, "Keeping these complex projects on track while attending to students' individual learning needs...requires artful teaching, as well as industrial-strength project management."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Design-based_learning" title="Design-based learning">Design-based learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_education" title="Experiential education">Experiential education</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Fremdsprachen_und_Hochschule" title="Fremdsprachen und Hochschule">Fremdsprachen und Hochschule</a></i> (German academic journal)</li>

<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Challenge-based_learning" title="Challenge-based learning">Challenge-based learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reggio_Emilia_approach" title="Reggio Emilia approach">Reggio Emilia approach</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_for_social_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching for social justice">Teaching for social justice</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edutopia.org/project-based-learning"><i>Project-Based Learning,</i> Edutopia, March 14, 2016</a>. Retrieved 2016-03-15</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bie.org/about/what_pbl"><i>What is PBL?</i> Buck Institute for Education</a>. Retrieved 2016-03-15</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFYasseriFinleyMayfieldDavis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yasseri, Dar; Finley, Patrick M.; Mayfield, Blayne E.; Davis, David W.; Thompson, Penny; Vogler, Jane S. (2018-06-01). "The hard work of soft skills: augmenting the project-based learning experience with interdisciplinary teamwork". <i>Instructional Science</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">457–</span>488. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11251-017-9438-9">10.1007/s11251-017-9438-9</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1952">1573-1952</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57862265">57862265</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dewey, Education and Experience, 1938/1997. New York. Touchstone.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markham, T. (2011). Project-Based Learning. Teacher Librarian, 39(2), 38-42.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock,_MarieMichael_FisherAllison_Zmuda2018" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, Marie; Michael Fisher; Allison Zmuda (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solutiontree.com/quest-for-learning.html"><i>The Quest for Learning: How to Maximize Student Engagement</i></a>. Bloomington: Solution Tree.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blumenfeld et al 1991, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST, 26(3&4) 369-398 "Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning." Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, Elliot Soloway, Ronald W. Marx, Joseph S. Krajcik, Mark Guzdial, and Annemarie Palincsar.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTierneyUrbanOlabuenaga2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tierney, Gavin; Urban, Rochelle; Olabuenaga, Gina (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.isls.org//handle/1/10277">"Designing for Equity: Moving Project-Based Learning From Equity Adjacent to Equity Infused"</a>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teachfloor.com/blog/how-to-use-project-based-learning-approach-to-build-learning-environments">"How to use Project-Based Learning approach to build learning environments"</a>. <i>teachfloor.com</i>. 2022-04-02.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPerraultAlbert2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perrault, Evan K.; Albert, Cindy A. (2017-10-04). "Utilizing project-based learning to increase sustainability attitudes among students". <i>Applied Environmental Education & Communication</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>105. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1533015x.2017.1366882">10.1080/1533015x.2017.1366882</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-015X">1533-015X</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148880970">148880970</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pblworks.org/blog/pbl-china-yes-maybe">[1]</a>. Larmer, John (2018)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccc.princeton.edu/events/making-china-cultivating-entrepreneurial-living">"Making China: Cultivating Entrepreneurial Living | Center on Contemporary China"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/NV_158605">"Teachers must be trained for new lower curriculum to succeed"</a>. <i>New Vision</i>. 20 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unelta.org/">"UNELTA"</a>. <i>UNELTA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-08</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTawfikGishbaugherGatewoodArrington2021" class="citation journal cs1">Tawfik, Andrew A.; Gishbaugher, Jaclyn J.; Gatewood, Jessica; Arrington, T. Logan (2021-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14434%2Fijpbl.v15i1.29662">"How K-12 Teachers Adapt Problem-Based Learning Over Time"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14434%2Fijpbl.v15i1.29662">10.14434/ijpbl.v15i1.29662</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-5015">1541-5015</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/effective-assessment-project-based-learning-andrew-miller">"Edutopia"</a>. © 2013 The George Lucas Educational Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Image by Mikael Häggström, MD, using source images by various authors. Source for useful context in problem-based learning: <cite id="CITEREFMark_A_Albanese,_Laura_C_Dast2013" class="citation book cs1">Mark A Albanese, Laura C Dast (2013-10-22). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118472361.ch5"><i>Understanding Medical Education - Problem-based learning</i></a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118472361.ch5">10.1002/9781118472361.ch5</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sawyer, R. K. (2006) The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFarmerGreenePerryJong2019" class="citation journal cs1">Farmer, Rachel; Greene, NaKayla; Perry, Kristen H; Jong, Cindy (2019-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/jerap/vol9/iss1/30">"Environmental Explorations: Integrating Project-Based Learning and Civic Engagement Through an Afterschool Program"</a>. <i>Journal of Educational Research and Practice</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5590%2FJERAP.2019.09.1.30">10.5590/JERAP.2019.09.1.30</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8693">2167-8693</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRamos-RamosBotella_Nicolás2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ramos-Ramos, Pablo; Botella Nicolás, Ana María (2022-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14434%2Fijpbl.v16i1.33056">"Teaching Dilemmas and Student Motivation in Project-based Learning in Secondary Education"</a>. <i>Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning</i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14434%2Fijpbl.v16i1.33056">10.14434/ijpbl.v16i1.33056</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10550%2F86538">10550/86538</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-5015">1541-5015</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edutopia.org/blog/projects-partnerships-pbl-suzie-boss">"Projects and Partnerships Build a Stronger Future - Edutopia"</a>. <i>edutopia.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<ul><li>John Dewey, <i>Education and Experience</i>, 1938/1997. New York. Touchstone.</li>

<li>Hye-Jung Lee1, h., & Cheolil Lim1, c. (2012). <i>Peer Evaluation in Blended Team Project-Based Learning: What Do Students Find Important?</i>. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 15(4), 214-224.</li>

<li>Markham, T. (2011). <i>Project Based Learning</i>. Teacher Librarian, 39(2), 38-42.</li>

<li>Blumenfeld et al. 1991, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST, 26(3&4) 369-398 "Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning." Phyllis C. Blumenfeld, Elliot Soloway, Ronald W. Marx, Joseph S. Krajcik, Mark Guzdial, and Annemarie Palincsar.</li>

<li>Sawyer, R. K. (2006), <i>The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li>

<li>Buck Institute for Education (2009). PBL Starter Kit: <i>To-the-Point Advice, Tools and Tips for Your First Project</i>. Introduction chapter free to download at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104022305/http://www.bie.org/tools/toolkit/starter">https://web.archive.org/web/20101104022305/http://www.bie.org/tools/toolkit/starter</a></li>

<li>Buck Institute for Education (2003). Project Based Learning Handbook: <i>A Guide to Standards-Focused Project Based Learning for Middle and High School Teachers</i>. Introduction chapter free to download at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110122135305/http://www.bie.org/tools/handbook">https://web.archive.org/web/20110122135305/http://www.bie.org/tools/handbook</a></li>

<li>Barron, B. (1998). <i>Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on problem- and project-based learning</i>. Journal of the Learning Sciences. 7 (3&4), 271-311.</li>

<li>Blumenfeld, P.C. et al. (1991). <i>Motivating project-based learning: sustaining the doing, supporting the learning</i>. Educational Psychologist, 26, 369-398.</li>

<li>Boss, S., & Krauss, J. (2007). <i>Reinventing project-based learning: Your field guide to real-world projects in the digital age.</i> Eugene, OR: International Society for Technology in Education.</li>

<li>Falk, B. (2008). <i>Teaching the way children learn</i>. New York: Teachers College Press.</li>

<li><a href="Lilian_Katz" title="Lilian Katz">Katz, L.</a> and Chard, S.C.. (2000) <i>Engaging Children's Minds: The Project Approach</i> (2d Edition), Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.</li>

<li>Keller, B. (2007, September 19). <i>No Easy Project</i>. Education Week, 27(4), 21-23. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database.</li>

<li>Knoll, M. (1997). <i>The project method: its origin and international development.</i> Journal of Industrial Teacher Education 34 (3), 59-80.</li>

<li>Knoll, M. (2012). <i>"I had made a mistake": William H. Kilpatrick and the Project Method.</i> Teachers College Record 114 (February), 2, 45 pp.</li>

<li>Knoll, M. (2014). <i>Project Method</i>. Encyclopedia of Educational Theory and Philosophy, ed. C.D. Phillips. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Vol. 2., pp. 665–669.</li>

<li>Shapiro, B. L. (1994). <i>What Children Bring to Light: A Constructivist Perspective on Children's Learning in Science</i>; New York. Teachers College Press.</li>

<li>Helm, J. H., <a href="Lilian_Katz" title="Lilian Katz">Katz, L.</a> (2001). <i>Young investigators: The project approach in the early years</i>. New York: Teachers College Press.</li>

<li>Mitchell, S., Foulger, T. S., & Wetzel, K., Rathkey, C. (February, 2009). <i>The negotiated project approach: Project-based learning without leaving the standards behind</i>. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(4), 339-346.</li>

<li>Polman, J. L. (2000). <i>Designing project-based science: Connecting learners through guided inquiry</i>. New York: Teachers College Press.</li>

<li>Reeves, Diane Lindsey STICKY LEARNING. Raleigh, North Carolina: Bright Futures Press, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brightfuturespress.com">[3]</a>.</li>

<li>Foulger, T.S. & Jimenez-Silva, M. (2007). "Enhancing the writing development of English learners: Teacher perceptions of common technology in project-based learning". <i>Journal of Research on Childhood Education</i>, 22(2), 109-124.</li>

<li>Shaw, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.21stCenturySchools.com"><i>21st Century Schools</i></a>.</li>

<li>Wetzel, K., Mitchell-Kay, S., & Foulger, T. S., Rathkey, C. (June, 2009). <i>Using technology to support learning in a first grade animal and habitat project</i>. International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning.</li>

<li>Heick, Terry. (2013). <i>3 Types of Project-Based Learning Symbolize Its Evolution</i>. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.teachthought.com/learning/5-types-of-project-based-learning-symbolize-its-evolution/">http://www.teachthought.com/learning/5-types-of-project-based-learning-symbolize-its-evolution/</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pblworks.org/">PBLWorks</a> – from the <a href="Buck_Institute_for_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck Institute for Education">Buck Institute for Education</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102061836/http://www.nlcphs.org/interdisciplinaryprojects/">North Lawndale College Prep High School's Interdisciplinary Projects</a> – vertically aligned, high-bar problem- and project-based learning, 9–12, on Chicago's west side.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED539395">Top Ten Tips for Assessing Project-Based Learning</a> – from <a href="Edutopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edutopia">Edutopia</a> by the George Lucas Educational Foundation.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301102829/https://www.edutopia.org/php/article.php?id=Art_182">Testing the Water: project-based learning and high standards at Shutesbury Elementary School</a> – from <a href="Edutopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edutopia">Edutopia</a> by the George Lucas Educational Foundation.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/education/k12/teach-elements.html">Intel Teach Elements: Project-Based Approaches</a> is a free, online professional development course that explores project-based learning.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://project-work-in-english-teaching.blogspot.com/">Project Work in (English) Language Teaching</a> provides a practical guide to running a successful 30-hour (15-lesson) short film project in English with (pre-)intermediate students: planning, lessons, evaluation, deliverables, samples and experiences, plus ideas for other projects.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.certificationpoint.org/">CertificationPoint</a> - Project-based learning within work experience builders.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoverydayacademy.com/the-4cs/">The 4Cs of Learning</a> provides a guide for integration aspects of project-based learning.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Education397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Overview150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_education_terms" title="Glossary of education terms">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_education_articles" title="Index of education articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By perspective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Educational_aims_and_objectives" title="Educational aims and objectives">Aims and objectives</a>

<ul><li><a href="Learning_standards" title="Learning standards">Learning standards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">Assessment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">Evaluation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Course_evaluation" title="Course evaluation">Course evaluation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Standards-based_assessment" title="Standards-based assessment">Standards-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Standardized test</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_quality_assessment" title="Teacher quality assessment">Teacher quality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_economics" title="Education economics">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_spending_on_education_as_percentage_of_GDP" title="List of countries by spending on education as percentage of GDP">Spending</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">Tuition payments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">Education sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Evidence-based_education" title="Evidence-based education">Evidence-based</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education" title="History of education">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">Inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_leadership" title="Educational leadership">Leadership</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_policy" title="Education policy">Policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_in_education" title="Politics in education">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_research" title="Educational research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Sociology</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Instructional_theory" title="Instructional theory">Instructional</a>

<ul><li><a href="Instructional_design" title="Instructional design">Instructional design</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_education_by_subject" title="List of education by subject">By subject</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_education" title="Agricultural education">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">Bilingual</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_education" title="Business education">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer science education">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_education" title="Death education">Death</a></li>

<li><a href="Design_education" title="Design education">Design</a></li>

<li><a href="Economics_education" title="Economics education">Economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Environmental</a></li>

<li><a href="Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_education" title="Health education">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_education" title="Language education">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_education" title="Music education">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurse_education" title="Nurse education">Nursing</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Performing_arts_education" title="Performing arts education">Performing arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_education" title="Philosophy education">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical</a></li>

<li><a href="Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_education" title="Science education">Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">Teacher</a></li>

<li><a href="Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Values_education" title="Values education">Values</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alternative_education" title="Alternative education">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adult_education" title="Adult education">Adult education</a></li>

<li><a href="Autodidacticism" title="Autodidacticism">Autodidacticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_reform" title="Education reform">Education reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_education" title="Religious education">Religious education</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="21st_century_skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Accreditation_mill" title="Accreditation mill">Accreditation mill</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bloom's_taxonomy" title="Bloom's taxonomy">Bloom's taxonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Board_of_education" title="Board of education">Board of education</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">Cognitive load</a></li>

<li><a href="Classroom_management" title="Classroom management">Classroom management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Class_arrangement" title="Class arrangement">Class arrangement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum" title="Curriculum">Curriculum</a>

<li><a href="Curriculum_development" title="Curriculum development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Hidden_curriculum" title="Hidden curriculum">Hidden</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum_studies" title="Curriculum studies">Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Curriculum_theory" title="Curriculum theory">Theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diploma_mill" title="Diploma mill">Diploma mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_theory_(education)" title="Learning theory (education)">Learning theory</a>

<ul><li><a href="Desirable_difficulty" title="Desirable difficulty">Desirable difficulty</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacing_effect" title="Spacing effect">Spacing effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing_effect" title="Testing effect">Testing effect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lesson_plan" title="Lesson plan">Lesson plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedagogical_pattern" title="Pedagogical pattern">Pedagogical pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li>

<li><a href="School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_look" title="Teacher look">Teacher look</a></li>

<li><a href="Teacher_retention" title="Teacher retention">Teacher retention</a></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a>

<ul><li><a href="Active_learning" title="Active learning">Active learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Blended_learning" title="Blended learning">Blended learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemplative_education" title="Contemplative education">Contemplative</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonstration_(teaching)" title="Demonstration (teaching)">Demonstration</a></li>

<li><a href="Dialogic_learning" title="Dialogic learning">Dialogic learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Experiential_learning" title="Experiential learning">Experiential</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">Feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_learning" title="Passive learning">Passive</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_instruction" title="Peer instruction">Peer instruction</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalized_learning" title="Personalized learning">Personalized</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenon-based_learning" title="Phenomenon-based learning">Phenomenon-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">Problem-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a></li>

<li><a href="Student-centered_learning" title="Student-centered learning">Student-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_philosophy" title="Teaching philosophy">Teaching philosophy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Education" class="extiw external" title="b:Subject:Education">Books</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/education" class="extiw external" title="wikt:education">Definitions</a></li>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Education" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Education">Images</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="v:Education">Learning resources</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="q:Education">Quotes</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Education" class="extiw external" title="s:Education">Texts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Stages197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">Stages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a><br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Infant<br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Junior<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">High school<br>→</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a><br> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Further_education" title="Further education">Further</a><br>(<a href="Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:50%;"><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduate</a><br>→</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a><br> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AEducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Portal</a></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size: 90%;"><div id="Education_by_region397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Africa273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Algeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Angola" title="Education in Angola">Angola</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Benin" title="Education in Benin">Benin</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Botswana" title="Education in Botswana">Botswana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Burundi" title="Education in Burundi">Burundi</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cameroon" title="Education in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cape_Verde" title="Education in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Education in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Comoros" title="Education in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Education in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Djibouti" title="Education in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Education in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Eritrea" title="Education in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Eswatini" title="Education in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Gabon" title="Education in Gabon">Gabon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Gambia" title="Education in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ghana" title="Education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea" title="Education in Guinea">Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Education in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Education in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Kenya</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lesotho" title="Education in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Liberia" title="Education in Liberia">Liberia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Libya" title="Education in Libya">Libya</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Madagascar" title="Education in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malawi" title="Education in Malawi">Malawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritania" title="Education in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mauritius" title="Education in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Morocco" title="Education in Morocco">Morocco</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mozambique" title="Education in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Namibia" title="Education in Namibia">Namibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Niger" title="Education in Niger">Niger</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Rwanda" title="Education in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Senegal" title="Education in Senegal">Senegal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Seychelles" title="Education in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Education in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Somalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Africa" title="Education in South Africa">South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Sudan" title="Education in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Sudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uganda" title="Education in Uganda">Uganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Zambia" title="Education in Zambia">Zambia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Zimbabwe" title="Education in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br>recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div>

<ul><li>Canary Islands<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ceuta<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Melilla<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Spain)</li>

<li>Madeira<span class="nowrap"> </span>(Portugal)</li>

<li>Mayotte<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Réunion<span class="nowrap"> </span>(France)</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>/ Ascension Island<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="Education_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(United Kingdom)</li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Asia413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Education_in_Asia" title="Education in Asia">Education in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bahrain" title="Education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Brunei" title="Education in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cambodia" title="Education in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_China" title="Education in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_India" title="Education in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jordan" title="Education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kuwait" title="Education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lebanon" title="Education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malaysia" title="Education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Maldives" title="Education in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Qatar" title="Education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Thailand" title="Education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkmenistan" title="Education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uzbekistan" title="Education in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Vietnam" title="Education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br>limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Palestine" title="Education in Palestine">Palestine</a></li>

<li>South Ossetia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>British Indian Ocean Territory</li>

<li>Christmas Island</li>

<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Macau" title="Education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AAsia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Europe124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Europe </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Andorra">Andorra</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Azerbaijan" title="Education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Croatia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Education in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Denmark" title="Education in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Estonia" title="Education in Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Finland" title="Education in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_France" title="Education in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Hungary</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Iceland" title="Education in Iceland">Iceland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kazakhstan" title="Education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Latvia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Liechtenstein" title="Education in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Lithuania" title="Education in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Luxembourg" title="Education in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Malta" title="Education in Malta">Malta</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Moldova" title="Education in Moldova">Moldova</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Monaco">Monaco</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Montenegro" title="Education in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Netherlands" title="Education in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_North_Macedonia" title="Education in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Romania" title="Education in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_San_Marino" title="Education in San Marino">San Marino</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Serbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Slovakia" title="Education in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Sweden" title="Education in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Turkey" title="Education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ukraine" title="Education in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br>recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Abkhazia</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Education in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>

<li>South Ossetia</li>

<li>Transnistria</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br>other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_%C3%85land" title="Education in Åland">Åland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Education in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guernsey" title="Education in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jersey" title="Education in Jersey">Jersey</a></li>

<li>Svalbard</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_North_America161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>

<li>Bonaire</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li>

<li>Curaçao</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li>

<li>Martinique</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li>

<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>

<li>Saint Martin</li>

<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>

<li>Sint Eustatius</li>

<li>Sint Maarten</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_Oceania110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Education in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Kiribati" title="Education in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Nauru" title="Education in Nauru">Nauru</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_New_Zealand" title="Education in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Palau">Palau</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Education in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Samoa">Samoa</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Tonga</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br>of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Education in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br>and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li>

<li>Christmas Island</li>

<li>Cocos (Keeling) Islands</li>

<li>Easter Island</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li>

<li>New Caledonia</li>

<li>Norfolk Island</li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Education in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Tokelau" title="Education in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li>

<li>Wallis and Futuna</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div id="Education_in_South_America213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in South America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br>other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li>

<li><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ASchools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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